Did Peter Singer Say That One Should Be Able to Abort a Baby After It's Born

Australian moral philosopher

Peter Singer Air conditioning
Singer in 2017
Built-in	Peter Albert David Singer (1946-07-06) 6 July 1946 (age 75) Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Education	University of Melbourne (BA, MA) University College, Oxford (BPhil)
Notable work	The Life You Can Save Animal Liberation
Spouse(s)	Renata Diamond ​ (k. 1968)​
Children	3
Awards	Berggruen Prize (2021)
School	Analytic philosophy Utilitarianism
Institutions	University College, Oxford New York University La Trobe University Monash University Princeton University University of Melbourne
Thesis	Why Should I Be Moral? (1969)
Academic advisors	R. K. Hare (BPhil counselor)
Main interests	Practical ethics Bioethics
Notable ideas	Equal consideration of interests Drowning kid analogy Effective altruism Argument from marginal cases[1]
Influences Charles Darwin John Stuart Manufactory Henry Sidgwick Jeremy Bentham R. Thousand. Hare Jonathan Glover Derek Parfit[2] Karl Marx
Influenced Peter Unger Colin McGinn Roger Crisp Dale Jamieson Gregory Pence Julian Savulescu James Rachels Mylan Engel Steven Best Toby Ord Bill Gates William MacAskill Steven Pinker
Website	petersinger.info

Peter Albert David Vocalist Ac (born six July 1946) is an Australian moral philosopher, currently the Ira West. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton Academy. He specialises in applied ideals and approaches upstanding issues from a secular, utilitarian perspective. He is known in particular for his book Creature Liberation (1975), in which he argues in favour of veganism, and his essay "Famine, Affluence, and Morality", in which he argues in favour of altruistic to help the global poor. For almost of his career, he was a preference utilitarian, just he stated in The Point of View of the Universe (2014), coauthored with Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek, that he had go a hedonistic utilitarian.

On two occasions, Singer served as chair of the philosophy department at Monash Academy, where he founded its Centre for Human being Bioethics. In 1996 he stood unsuccessfully every bit a Greens candidate for the Australian Senate. In 2004 Vocaliser was recognised as the Australian Humanist of the Year by the Council of Australian Humanist Societies. In 2005, The Sydney Morning Herald placed him amongst Australia's 10 most influential public intellectuals.^[3] Singer is a cofounder of Animals Commonwealth of australia and the founder of The Life You lot Tin Save.^[4]

Early life, educational activity and career [edit]

Singer's parents were Austrian Jews who immigrated to Australia from Vienna after Austria'due south annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938.^[5] They settled in Melbourne, where Singer was born. His grandparents were less fortunate: his paternal grandparents were taken past the Nazis to Łódź, and never heard from once again; his maternal grandad David Ernst Oppenheim (1881–1943), a teacher, died in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.^[6] Oppenheim was a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Social club and wrote a articulation article with Sigmund Freud, before joining the Adlerian Guild for Individual Psychology.^[vii] Singer later wrote a biography of Oppenheim.^[8]

Singer is an atheist and was raised in a prosperous, nonreligious^[9] family. His begetter had a successful business importing tea and coffee.^[five] His family unit rarely observed Jewish holidays, and Vocalizer declined to have a Bar Mitzvah.^[10] Singer attended Preshil^[xi] and after Scotch College. After leaving school, Singer studied law, history, and philosophy at the University of Melbourne, earning a bachelor'southward caste in 1967.^[12] He has explained that he elected to major in philosophy after his interest was piqued past discussions with his sister's then-young man.^[thirteen]

He earned a master'due south degree for a thesis entitled "Why Should I Be Moral?" at the same university in 1969. He was awarded a scholarship to study at the University of Oxford and obtained from in that location a BPhil caste in 1971 with a thesis on civil disobedience supervised by R. K. Hare and published as a volume in 1973.^[14] Singer names Hare and Australian philosopher H. J. McCloskey as his two most important mentors.^[15]

One 24-hour interval at Balliol College in Oxford, he had what he refers to as "probably the decisive formative experience of my life". He was having a discussion after class with swain graduate student Richard Keshen, a Canadian (who would after get a professor at Cape Breton University), over tiffin. Keshen opted to take a salad later on being told that the spaghetti sauce contained meat. Singer had the spaghetti. Singer eventually questioned Keshen most his reason for avoiding meat. Keshen explained his ethical objections. Vocalizer would after land, "I'd never met a vegetarian who gave such a straightforward answer that I could understand and relate to." Keshen subsequently introduced Vocalizer to his vegetarian friends. Singer was able to find ane book in which he could read up on the issue (Animal Machines by Ruth Harrison) and "within a week or two" he approached his wife, proverb that he thought they needed to make a change to their diet, and that he did non recall they could justify eating meat.^{[16] [17] [xviii]}

After spending iii years every bit a Radcliffe lecturer at University Higher, Oxford, he was a visiting professor at New York University for sixteen months. In 1977 he returned to Melbourne, where he spent most of his career, bated from appointments as visiting kinesthesia abroad, until his motility to Princeton in 1999.^[xix] In June 2011, it was announced he would join the professoriate of New Higher of the Humanities, a private college in London, in improver to his work at Princeton.^[20] He likewise has been a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2001.

According to philosopher Helga Kuhse, Vocalizer is "well-nigh certainly the best-known and nearly widely read of all contemporary philosophers".^[21] Michael Specter wrote that Vocalist is amidst the most influential of gimmicky philosophers.^[22]

Applied ethics [edit]

Vocalist's Practical Ethics (1979) analyzes why and how living beings' interests should exist weighed. His principle of equal consideration of interests does not dictate equal handling of all those with interests, since unlike interests warrant different treatment. All have an interest in avoiding pain, for instance, but relatively few have an involvement in cultivating their abilities. Not but does his principle justify different handling for different interests, but it allows different treatment for the aforementioned involvement when diminishing marginal utility is a factor. For example, this approach would privilege a starving person's interest in nutrient over the same interest of someone who is merely slightly hungry.

Among the more important man interests are those in avoiding pain, in developing one'south abilities, in satisfying basic needs for food and shelter, in enjoying warm personal relationships, in being gratis to pursue 1's projects without interference, "and many others". The key interest that entitles a beingness to equal consideration is the capacity for "suffering and/or enjoyment or happiness". Vocaliser holds that a being's interests should always be weighed according to that beingness's concrete properties. He favors a "journeying" model of life, which measures the wrongness of taking a life by the degree to which doing and then frustrates a life journeying's goals. Then taking a life is less incorrect at the starting time, when no goals accept been set, and at the end, when the goals have either been met or are unlikely to exist achieved. The journey model is tolerant of some frustrated desire and explains why persons who take embarked on their journeys are non replaceable. Only a personal interest in continuing to live brings the journey model into play. This model also explains the priority that Vocaliser attaches to interests over piddling desires and pleasures.

Ethical bear is justified by reasons that go beyond prudence to "something bigger than the individual", addressing a larger audience. Singer thinks this going-across identifies moral reasons every bit "somehow universal", specifically in the injunction to 'love thy neighbour as thyself', interpreted past him equally enervating that one give the same weight to the interests of others as i gives to one's own interests. This universalising step, which Singer traces from Kant to Hare,^{[23] : 11} is crucial and sets him apart from those moral theorists, from Hobbes to David Gauthier, who tie morality to prudence. Universalisation leads directly to utilitarianism, Singer argues, on the strength of the thought that one's own interests cannot count for more than than the interests of others.^[24]

Taking these into account, one must weigh them up and adopt the course of activeness that is nearly likely to maximise the interests of those afflicted; utilitarianism has been arrived at. Vocalizer's universalising pace applies to interests without reference to who has them, whereas the Kantian's applies to the judgments of rational agents (in Kant's kingdom of Ends, or Rawls'south original position, etc.). Singer regards Kantian universalisation as unjust to animals.^[25] As for the Hobbesians, Singer attempts a response in the final chapter of Practical Ethics, arguing that self-interested reasons back up adoption of the moral point of view, such every bit 'the paradox of hedonism', which counsels that happiness is best found by not looking for it, and the need about people feel to chronicle to something larger than their own concerns.

Singer identifies as a sentientist.^[26] Sentientism is a naturalistic worldview that grants moral consideration to all sentient beings.

Constructive altruism and world poverty [edit]

Singer at an effective altruism briefing in Melbourne in 2015

Vocaliser's ideas accept contributed to the ascension of effective altruism.^[27] He argues that people should try not only to reduce suffering but to reduce information technology in the well-nigh effective way possible. While Vocalist has previously written at length nearly the moral imperative to reduce poverty and eliminate the suffering of nonhuman animals, particularly in the meat industry, he writes about how the effective altruism movement is doing these things more effectively in his 2015 book The Well-nigh Good You Can Practise. He is a board member of Animal Charity Evaluators, a charity evaluator used by many members of the effective altruism community which recommends the most cost-effective creature advocacy charities and interventions.^[28]

His ain organization, The Life You Can Salvage, as well recommends a selection of charities deemed past clemency evaluators such every bit GiveWell to exist the about effective when it comes to helping those in extreme poverty. TLYCS was founded after Singer released his 2009 eponymous book, in which he argues more more often than not in favour of giving to charities that help to cease global poverty. In detail, he expands upon some of the arguments made in his 1972 essay "Dearth, Affluence, and Morality", in which he posits that citizens of rich nations are morally obligated to give at least some of their disposable income to charities that help the global poor. He supports this using the "drowning kid analogy", which states that near people would rescue a drowning kid from a pond, even if information technology meant that their expensive clothes were ruined, and so we clearly value a human being life more than than the value of our fabric possessions. As a event, nosotros should take a significant portion of the coin that nosotros spend on our possessions and instead donate information technology to charity.^{[29] [30]}

Since Nov 2009, Vocalizer is a member of Giving What We Can, an international arrangement whose members pledge to requite at to the lowest degree 10% of their income to effective charities.^[31]

Fauna liberation and speciesism [edit]

Published in 1975, Animal Liberation ^[32] has been cited as a formative influence on leaders of the modern brute liberation move.^[33] The central argument of the volume is an expansion of the utilitarian concept that "the greatest good of the greatest number" is the but measure of skilful or ethical behaviour, and Vocalist believes that there is no reason non to utilize this principle to other animals, arguing that the purlieus betwixt human and "animal" is completely arbitrary. In that location are far more differences between a bang-up ape and an oyster, for example, than betwixt a homo and a dandy ape, and still the former two are lumped together as "animals", whereas nosotros are considered "homo" in a way that supposedly differentiates us from all other "animals."

He popularised the term "speciesism", which had been coined by English language writer Richard D. Ryder to describe the practice of privileging humans over other animals, and therefore argues in favour of the equal consideration of interests of all sentient beings.^[34] In Animal Liberation, Singer argues in favour of veganism and confronting animal experimentation. Vocaliser describes himself equally a flexible vegan. He writes, "I am largely vegan just I'm a flexible vegan. I don't get to the supermarket and buy non-vegan stuff for myself. Only when I'yard traveling or going to other people's places I volition be quite happy to eat vegetarian rather than vegan."^[35]

In an article for the online publication Chinadialogue, Singer called Western-style meat product cruel, unhealthy, and dissentious to the ecosystem.^[36] He rejected the thought that the method was necessary to meet the population's increasing demand, explaining that animals in manufacturing plant farms have to eat food grown explicitly for them, and they burn down upwardly near of the nutrient'southward energy only to breathe and continue their bodies warm. In a 2010 Guardian article he titled, "Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate", Vocalist drew attending to the welfare of fish. He quoted author Alison Mood'southward startling statistics from a report she wrote, which was released on fishcount.org.uk just a month earlier the Guardian article. Singer states that she "has put together what may well be the beginning-ever systematic estimate of the size of the almanac global capture of wild fish. It is, she calculates, in the order of 1 trillion, although information technology could exist equally high every bit 2.7tn."^{[37] [38]}

Some chapters of Animal Liberation are dedicated to criticising testing on animals only, unlike groups such every bit PETA, Singer is willing to take such testing when there is a clear benefit for medicine. In November 2006, Singer appeared on the BBC programme Monkeys, Rats and Me: Animal Testing and said that he felt that Tipu Aziz's experiments on monkeys for research into treating Parkinson's affliction could be justified.^[39] Whereas Singer has continued since the publication of Animal Liberation to promote vegetarianism and veganism, he has been much less vocal in contempo years on the subject of animal experimentation.

Vocaliser has defended some of the actions of the Animal Liberation Front, such equally the stealing of footage from Dr. Thomas Gennarelli'due south laboratory in May 1984 (as shown in the documentary Unnecessary Fuss), but he has condemned other actions such as the use of explosives by some fauna-rights activists and sees the freeing of captive animals as largely futile when they are hands replaced.^{[forty] [41]}

Singer features in the 2017 documentary Empathy, directed by Ed Antoja, which aims to promote a more respectful fashion of life towards all animals. The documentary won the "Public Choice Honor" of the Greenpeace Film Festival.^[42]

Other views [edit]

Meta-ethical views [edit]

In the past, Singer has not held that objective moral values exist, on the basis that reason could favour both egoism and equal consideration of interests. Vocalist himself adopted utilitarianism on the basis that people'due south preferences can exist universalised, leading to a situation where ane takes the "betoken of view of the universe" and "an impartial standpoint". But in the 2nd Edition of Practical Ethics, he concedes that the question of why we should act morally "cannot be given an answer that will provide everyone with overwhelming reasons for interim morally".^{[23] : 335}

Nevertheless, when co-authoring The Betoken of View of the Universe (2014), Singer shifted to the position that objective moral values do exist, and defends the 19th century utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick'due south view that objective morality can exist derived from fundamental moral axioms that are knowable by reason. Additionally, he endorses Derek Parfit'southward view that there are object-given reasons for action.^{[43] : 126} Furthermore, Vocaliser and Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek (the co-author of the volume) debate that evolutionary debunking arguments can be used to demonstrate that it is more rational to take the impartial standpoint of "the point of view of the universe", every bit opposed to egoism—pursuing one's own self-interest—considering the existence of egoism is more likely to be the production of development by natural selection, rather than because it is right, whereas taking an impartial standpoint and equally because the interests of all sentient beings is in conflict with what we would expect from natural selection, significant that it is more likely that impartiality in ethics is the correct opinion to pursue.^{[43] : 182–183}

Political views [edit]

Whilst a student in Melbourne, Singer campaigned confronting the Vietnam War as president of the Melbourne University Entrada Confronting Conscription.^[44] He also spoke publicly for the legalisation of abortion in Australia.^[44] Singer joined the Australian Labor Political party in 1974, but resigned after disillusionment with the centrist leadership of Bob Hawke.^[45] In 1992, he became a founding member of the Victorian Greens.^[45] He has run for political office twice for the Greens: in 1994 he received 28% of the vote in the Kooyong by-ballot, and in 1996 he received 3% of the vote when running for the Senate (elected by proportional representation).^[45] Earlier the 1996 ballot, he co-authored a book The Greens with Bob Dark-brown.^[46]

In A Darwinian Left,^[47] Singer outlines a programme for the political left to adapt to the lessons of evolutionary biology. He says that evolutionary psychology suggests that humans naturally tend to be self-interested. He further argues that the bear witness that selfish tendencies are natural must non be taken as bear witness that selfishness is "right." He concludes that game theory (the mathematical study of strategy) and experiments in psychology offer hope that self-interested people will make short-term sacrifices for the good of others, if society provides the correct conditions. Essentially, Singer claims that although humans possess selfish, competitive tendencies naturally, they have a substantial capacity for cooperation that also has been selected for during human evolution. Singer's writing in Greater Good magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the Academy of California, Berkeley, includes the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful man relationships.

Singer has criticised the United states for receiving "oil from countries run by dictators ... who pocket nearly of the" financial gains, thus "keeping the people in poverty." Singer believes that the wealth of these countries "should vest to the people" within them rather than their "de facto government. In paying dictators for their oil, we are in issue ownership stolen goods, and helping to keep people in poverty." Vocalist holds that America "should be doing more to help people in extreme poverty". He is disappointed in U.S. foreign assistance policy, deeming information technology "a very small proportion of our GDP, less than a quarter of some other affluent nations." Singer maintains that little "individual philanthropy from the U.S." is "directed to helping people in extreme poverty, although in that location are some exceptions, nearly notably, of course, the Gates Foundation."^[48]

Singer describes himself as non anti-capitalist, stating in a 2010 interview with the New Left Project:^[49]

Capitalism is very far from a perfect system, but and then far we have yet to find annihilation that clearly does a better job of meeting human being needs than a regulated capitalist economy coupled with a welfare and health care arrangement that meets the basic needs of those who practise not thrive in the capitalist economy.

He added that "[i]f we ever practice detect a better system, I'll be happy to call myself an anti-capitalist".

Similarly, in his book Marx, Singer is sympathetic to Marx'south criticism of capitalism, merely is skeptical virtually whether a ameliorate system is likely to be created, writing: "Marx saw that capitalism is a wasteful, irrational system, a system which controls us when nosotros should be decision-making information technology. That insight is still valid; but nosotros tin can now see that the structure of a free and equal lodge is a more than difficult task than Marx realised."^[50]

Singer is opposed to the death penalty, claiming that information technology does not effectively deter the crimes for which it is the punitive measure out,^[51] and that he cannot see any other justification for it.^[52]

In 2010, Vocalizer signed a petition renouncing his right of return to Israel, because it is "a class of racist privilege that abets the colonial oppression of the Palestinians."^[53]

In 2016, Vocalist called on Jill Stein to withdraw from the Us presidential election in states that were shut between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, on the grounds that "The stakes are too high".^[54] He argued against the view that there was no pregnant difference between Clinton and Trump, whilst as well saying that he would not abet such a tactic in Australia's electoral system, which allows for ranking of preferences.^[54]

When writing in 2017 on Trump's denial of climate change and plans to withdraw from the Paris accords, Singer advocated a boycott of all consumer goods from the U.s.a. to pressure the Trump administration to change its environmental policies.^{[55] [56]}

In 2021, Singer described the State of war on Drugs as an expensive, ineffective and extremely harmful policy.^[57]

Abortion, euthanasia, and infanticide [edit]

Singer holds that the right to life is essentially tied to a being's capacity to hold preferences, which in plow is essentially tied to a beingness'southward capacity to feel hurting and pleasance.

In Practical Ideals, Vocalist argues in favour of abortion rights on the grounds that fetuses are neither rational nor self-aware, and can therefore concord no preferences. Equally a result, he argues that the preference of a mother to have an abortion automatically takes precedence. In sum, Singer argues that a fetus lacks personhood.

Like to his argument for abortion rights, Singer argues that newborns lack the essential characteristics of personhood—"rationality, autonomy, and cocky-consciousness"^[58]—and therefore "killing a newborn baby is never equivalent to killing a person, that is, a being who wants to go on living".^[59] Singer has clarified that his "view of when life begins isn't very unlike from that of opponents of abortion." He deems it not "unreasonable to hold that an private homo life begins at conception. If it doesn't, and so it begins near 14 days subsequently, when it is no longer possible for the embryo to divide into twins or other multiples." Vocalizer disagrees with abortion rights opponents in that he does non "think that the fact that an embryo is a living homo is sufficient to show that it is wrong to kill it." Vocalizer wishes "to see American jurisprudence, and the national abortion debate, take up the question of which capacities a man being needs to have in order for information technology to be incorrect to impale it" besides equally "when, in the evolution of the early on homo, these capacities are present."^[60]

Vocalizer classifies euthanasia every bit voluntary, involuntary, or not-voluntary. Voluntary euthanasia is that to which the bailiwick consents. He argues in favour of voluntary euthanasia and some forms of non-voluntary euthanasia, including infanticide in certain instances, merely opposes involuntary euthanasia.

Bioethicists associated with the disability rights and inability studies communities take argued that his epistemology is based on ableist conceptions of disability.^[61] Singer's positions have also been criticised by some advocates for inability rights and right-to-life supporters, concerned with what they see as his attacks upon human nobility. Religious critics take argued that Vocalist'southward ideals ignores and undermines the traditional notion of the sanctity of life. Singer agrees and believes the notion of the sanctity of life ought to be discarded equally outdated, unscientific, and irrelevant to agreement problems in contemporary bioethics.^[62] Disability rights activist have held many protests against Vocalist at Princeton University and at his lectures over the years. Vocalist has replied that many people judge him based on secondhand summaries and short quotations taken out of context, non on his books or manufactures, and that his aim is to elevate the condition of animals, not to lower that of humans.^[63]

American publisher Steve Forbes ceased his donations to Princeton University in 1999 because of Singer's date to a prestigious professorship.^[64] Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal wrote to organisers of a Swedish book fair to which Vocalizer was invited that "A professor of morals ... who justifies the right to impale handicapped newborns ... is in my stance unacceptable for representation at your level."^[65] Marc Maurer, president of the National Federation of the Bullheaded, criticised Singer's engagement to the Princeton kinesthesia in a banquet speech at the arrangement's national convention in July 2001, challenge that Vocaliser's support for euthanising disabled babies could atomic number 82 to disabled older children and adults being valued less as well.^[66] Bourgeois psychiatrist Theodore Dalrymple wrote in 2010 that Singerian moral universalism is "preposterous—psychologically, theoretically, and practically".^[67]

In 2002, disability rights activist Harriet McBryde Johnson debated Singer, challenging his conventionalities that it is morally permissible to euthanise newborn children with severe disabilities. "Unspeakable Conversations", Johnson's account of her encounters with Singer and the pro-euthanasia motility, was published in the New York Times Magazine in 2003.^[68]

In 2015, Singer debated Archbishop Anthony Fisher on the legalisation of euthanasia at Sydney Town Hall.^[69] Vocalizer rejected arguments that legalising euthanasia would effect in a slippery gradient where the do might become widespread as a means to remove undesirable people for financial or other motives.^[70]

Singer has experienced the complexities of some of these questions in his own life. His female parent had Alzheimer'due south disease. He said, "I think this has fabricated me encounter how the issues of someone with these kinds of problems are really very difficult".^[71] In an interview with Ronald Bailey, published in Dec 2000, he explained that his sis shares the responsibility of making decisions about his mother. He did say that, if he were solely responsible, his female parent might not go on to alive.^[72]

Surrogacy [edit]

In 1985, Vocaliser wrote a volume with the dr. Deanne Wells arguing that surrogate motherhood should be allowed and regulated by the country by establishing nonprofit 'Land Surrogacy Boards', which would ensure fairness betwixt surrogate mothers and surrogacy-seeking parents. Vocalist and Wells endorsed both the payment of medical expenses endured by surrogate mothers and an extra "fair fee" to compensate the surrogate mother.^{[73] [74]}

Organized religion [edit]

Singer was a speaker at the 2012 Global Atheist Convention.^[75] He has debated with Christians including John Lennox^[76] and Dinesh D'Souza.^[77] Singer has pointed to the problem of evil every bit an objection against the Christian conception of God. He stated: "The evidence of our ain eyes makes it more plausible to believe that the world was non created by whatever god at all. If, however, we insist on assertive in divine creation, we are forced to admit that the god who made the globe cannot be all-powerful and all good. He must be either evil or a bungler."^[78] In keeping with his considerations of nonhuman animals, Singer also takes issue with the original sin reply to the problem of evil, saying that, "animals besides endure from floods, fires, and droughts, and, since they are non descended from Adam and Eve, they cannot have inherited original sin."^[78]

Medical intervention in the aging process [edit]

Singer supports biogerontologist Aubrey de Grey'southward view that medical intervention into the aging procedure would practice more to ameliorate human life than research on therapies for specific chronic diseases, specially in the developed world:

In adult countries, aging is the ultimate cause of 90 per cent of all human deaths. Thus, treating aging is a grade of preventive medicine for all of the diseases of one-time historic period. Moreover, even before aging leads to our death, it reduces our chapters to enjoy our lives and to contribute positively to the lives of others. And then, instead of targeting specific diseases that are much more likely to occur when people have reached a certain age, wouldn't a better strategy be to endeavour to forestall or repair the impairment done to our bodies past the aging process?^[79]

Vocaliser does worry that "If nosotros discover how to dull aging, we might have a world in which the poor majority must face death at a time when members of the rich minority are only a tenth of the way through their expected lifespans," thus risking "that overcoming aging will increment the stock of injustice in the globe."^[79] Yet, Vocalist cautiously highlights de Grey's view that as with other medical developments, they will achieve the more economically disadvantaged over time once developed, whereas they tin can never do so if they are not.^[79] As to the concern that longer lives might contribute to overpopulation, Singer notes that "success in overcoming aging could itself ... delay or eliminate menopause, enabling women to have their first children much afterwards than they can now" and thus slowing the nativity rate, and also that technology may reduce the consequences of ascent human populations by (for example) enabling more than zero-greenhouse gas energy sources.^[79]

In 2012, Singer's department sponsored the "Scientific discipline and Ethics of Eliminating Aging" seminar at Princeton, featuring de Grey.^[lxxx]

Protests [edit]

In 1989 and 1990, Vocalizer'southward work was the subject of a number of protests in Frg. A course in ethics led past Hartmut Kliemt at the Academy of Duisburg where the main text used was Singer's Practical Ethics was, according to Vocaliser, "subjected to organised and repeated disruption by protesters objecting to the apply of the book on the grounds that in one of its ten chapters information technology advocates active euthanasia for severely disabled newborn infants". The protests led to the form being close down.^[81]

When Singer tried to speak during a lecture at Saarbrücken, he was interrupted by a grouping of protesters including advocates for disability rights. One of the protesters expressed that entering serious discussions would be a tactical mistake.^[82]

The same year, Singer was invited to speak in Marburg at a European symposium on "Bioengineering, Ideals and Mental Disability". The invitation was fiercely attacked by leading intellectuals and organisations in the German media, with an article in Der Spiegel comparing Singer's positions to Nazism. Eventually, the symposium was cancelled and Vocalist's invitation withdrawn.^[83]

A lecture at the Zoological Institute of the University of Zurich was interrupted by 2 groups of protesters. The first grouping was a group of disabled people who staged a brief protest at the beginning of the lecture. They objected to inviting an abet of euthanasia to speak. At the end of this protestation, when Vocaliser tried to address their concerns, a second grouping of protesters rose and began chanting "Singer raus! Vocaliser raus!" ("Singer out!") When Singer attempted to reply, a protester jumped on stage and grabbed his spectacles, and the host ended the lecture. Singer explains "my views are not threatening to anyone, even minimally" and says that some groups play on the anxieties of those who hear only keywords that are understandably worrying (given the constant fears of always repeating the Holocaust) if taken with any less than the total context of his belief system.^{[23] : 346–359 [84]}

In 1991, Singer was due to speak forth with R. M. Hare and Georg Meggle at the 15th International Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg am Wechsel, Austria. Singer has stated that threats were fabricated to Adolf Hübner, then the president of the Austrian Ludwig Wittgenstein Society, that the briefing would exist disrupted if Singer and Meggle were given a platform. Hübner proposed to the lath of the society that Singer'south invitation (equally well equally the invitations of a number of other speakers) exist withdrawn. The Club decided to abolish the symposium.^[81]

In an article originally published in The New York Review of Books, Vocalist argued that the protests dramatically increased the corporeality of coverage he received: "instead of a few hundred people hearing views at lectures in Marburg and Dortmund, several millions read about them or listened to them on goggle box". Despite this, Singer argues that it has led to a difficult intellectual climate, with professors in Germany unable to teach courses on applied ethics and campaigns demanding the resignation of professors who invited Singer to speak.^[81]

Criticism [edit]

Singer was criticised by Nathan J. Robinson, founder of Electric current Affairs, for comments in an op-ed defending Anna Stubblefield, a carer and professor who was convicted of aggravated sexual attack against a man with severe concrete and intellectual disabilities. The op-ed questioned whether the victim was capable of giving or withholding consent, and stated that "Information technology seems reasonable to assume that the experience was pleasurable to him; for even if he is cognitively impaired, he was capable of struggling to resist." Robinson chosen the statements "outrageous" and "morally repulsive", and said that they implied that information technology might be permissible to rape or sexually assail disabled people.^[85]

Roger Scruton was critical of the consequentialist, utilitarian approach of Peter Singer.^[86] Scruton declared that Singer's works, including Animal Liberation (1975), "contain footling or no philosophical argument. They derive their radical moral conclusions from a vacuous utilitarianism that counts the pain and pleasance of all living things as equally significant and that ignores just about everything that has been said in our philosophical tradition about the existent stardom between persons and animals."^[86]

Anthropologists have criticised Singer's foundational essay "Beast Liberation" (1973) for comparing the interests of "slum children" with the interests of the rats that bite them – at a time when poor and predominantly Black American children were indeed regularly attacked and bitten by rats, sometimes fatally.^[87]

Recognition [edit]

Singer was inducted into the Us Animal Rights Hall of Fame in 2000.^[88]

In June 2012, Singer was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for "eminent service to philosophy and bioethics every bit a leader of public debate and communicator of ideas in the areas of global poverty, brute welfare and the human condition."^[89]

Vocaliser received Philosophy Now 'south 2016 Award for Contributions in the Fight Against Stupidity for his efforts "to disturb the comfortable complacency with which many of us habitually ignore the desperate needs of others ... particularly for this work equally it relates to the Effective Altruism movement."^[90]

In 2018, Singer was noted in the volume, Rescuing Ladybugs ^[91] by author and animal advocate Jennifer Skiff as a "hero amid heroes in the world," who, in arguing confronting speciesism "gave the modern world permission to believe what we innately know – that animals are sentient and that nosotros have a moral obligation not to exploit or mistreat them."^{[91] : 132} The book states that Singer's "moral philosophy on animal equality was sparked when he asked a fellow student at Oxford University a simple question almost his eating habits."^{[91] : 133}

In 2021, Singer was awarded the United states$ane-million Berggruen Prize,^[92] and decided to give it away. He decided, in particular, to give half of the prize money to his foundation The Life You lot Can Save, because "over the last three years, each dollar spent past information technology generated an average of $17 in donations for its recommended nonprofits". (He added he has never taken coin for personal use from the organization.) Moreover, he plans to donate more than than a 3rd of the coin to organizations combating intensive animal farming, and recommended as effective past Animal Charity Evaluators.^[93]

Personal life [edit]

Since 1968, he has been married to Renata Vocaliser (née Diamond; b. 1947 Walbrzych, Poland); they have 3 children: Ruth, a cloth creative person; Marion, law student and youth arts specialist; and Esther, linguist and instructor. Renata Singer is a novelist and author and has collaborated on publications with her husband.^[94] Until 2021 she was President of the Kadimah Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library in Melbourne.^[95]

The Singers divided their time betwixt Brighton, a bayside suburb of Melbourne, and New York for many years. They at present live elsewhere in Melbourne.^{[ citation needed ]}

Publications [edit]

[edit]

• Democracy and Disobedience, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1973; Oxford University Press, New York, 1974; Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1994
• Animal Liberation: A New Ideals for our Treatment of Animals, New York Review/Random House, New York, 1975; Cape, London, 1976; Avon, New York, 1977; Paladin, London, 1977; Thorsons, London, 1983. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York, 2002. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, New York, 2009.
• Practical Ethics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1980; 2nd edition, 1993; third edition, 2011. ISBN 0-521-22920-0, ISBN 0-521-29720-half dozen, ISBN 978-0-521-70768-8
• Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980; Colina & Wang, New York, 1980; reissued as Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Printing, 2000; also included in full in K. Thomas (ed.), Great Political Thinkers: Machiavelli, Hobbes, Mill and Marx, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1992
• The Expanding Circumvolve: Ideals and Sociobiology, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1981; Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1981; New American Library, New York, 1982. ISBN 0-19-283038-4
• Hegel, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1982; reissued every bit Hegel: A Very Brusk Introduction, Oxford Academy Press, 2001; also included in full in German Philosophers: Kant, Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Oxford Academy Press, Oxford, 1997
• How Are We to Live? Ideals in an Age of Self-interest, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1993; Mandarin, London, 1995; Prometheus, Buffalo, NY, 1995; Oxford Academy Printing, Oxford, 1997
• Rethinking Life and Decease: The Collapse of Our Traditional Ideals, Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1994; St Martin's Press, New York, 1995; reprint 2008. ISBN 0-312-11880-5 Oxford University Printing, Oxford, 1995
• Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Beast Rights Movement, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland, 1998; Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1999
• A Darwinian Left, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1999; Yale University Printing, New Haven, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08323-8
• One World: The Ethics of Globalisation, Yale University Press, New Oasis, 2002; Text Publishing, Melbourne, 2002; 2d edition, pb, Yale University Press, 2004; Oxford Longman, Hyderabad, 2004. ISBN 0-300-09686-0
• Pushing Time Away: My Grandfather and the Tragedy of Jewish Vienna, Ecco Printing, New York, 2003; HarperCollins Commonwealth of australia, Melbourne, 2003; Granta, London, 2004
• The President of Good and Evil: The Ethics of George W. Bush, Dutton, New York, 2004; Granta, London, 2004; Text, Melbourne, 2004. ISBN 0-525-94813-9
• The Life Y'all Can Relieve: Acting At present to End Earth Poverty. New York: Random House 2009.^[96]
• The Most Skilful Y'all Tin can Practise: How Effective Altruism Is Changing Ideas About Living Ethically. Yale Academy Printing, 2015.^[97]
• Ethics in the Real World: 82 Cursory Essays on Things That Matter. Princeton University Press, 2016.^[97]
• Why Vegan? Eating Ethically. Liveright, 2020.

Coauthored books [edit]

• Animal Factories (co-writer with James Mason), Crown, New York, 1980
• The Reproduction Revolution: New Means of Making Babies (co-author with Deane Wells), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1984. revised American edition, Making Babies, Scribner's New York, 1985
• Creature Liberation: A Graphic Guide (co-author with Lori Gruen), Camden Printing, London, 1987
• Should the Infant Alive? The Problem of Handicapped Infants (co-author with Helga Kuhse), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1985; Oxford Academy Press, New York, 1986; Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, Hampshire, 1994. ISBN 0-19-217745-1
• Ethical and Legal Issues in Guardianship Options for Intellectually Disadvantaged People (co-writer with Terry Carney), Human Rights Commission Monograph Series, no. 2, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1986
• How Upstanding is Commonwealth of australia? An Examination of Australia's Record as a Global Denizen (with Tom Gregg), Blackness Inc, Melbourne, 2004
• The Ethics of What We Consume: Why Our Food Choices Matter (or The Style Nosotros Eat: Why Our Nutrient Choices Matter), Rodale, New York, 2006 (co-author with Jim Mason); Text, Melbourne; Random Business firm, London. Audio version: Playaway. ISBN one-57954-889-10
• Eating (co-authored with Jim Mason), Pointer, London, 2006
• Stalk Jail cell Research: the ethical issues. (co-edited by Lori Gruen, Laura Grabel, and Peter Vocalist). New York: Blackwells. 2007.
• The Future of Animal Farming: Renewing the Ancient Contract (with Marian Postage Dawkins, and Roland Bonney) 2008. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
• The Point of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ethics (with Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek), Oxford University Press, 2014
• Utilitarianism: A Very Brusk Introduction (with Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek), Oxford Academy Press, 2017

Edited and coedited volumes and anthologies [edit]

• Test-Tube Babies: a guide to moral questions, present techniques, and future possibilities (co-edited with William Walters), Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1982
• Fauna Rights and Homo Obligations: An Anthology (co-editor with Tom Regan), Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1976. 2d revised edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1989
• In Defense force of Animals (ed.), Blackwells, Oxford, 1985; Harper & Row, New York, 1986. ISBN 0-631-13897-viii
• Applied Ethics (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986
• Embryo Experimentation (co-editor with Helga Kuhse, Stephen Buckle, Karen Dawson and Pascal Kasimba), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; paperback edition, updated, 1993
• A Companion to Ethics (ed.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1991; paperback edition, 1993
• Save the Animals! (Australian edition, co-author with Barbara Dover and Ingrid Newkirk), Collins Angus & Robertson, North Ryde, NSW, 1991
• The Corking Ape Projection: Equality Beyond Humanity (co-editor with Paola Cavalieri), 4th Estate, London, 1993; hardback, St Martin's Press, New York, 1994; paperback, St Martin's Press, New York, 1995
• Ethics (ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994
• Individuals, Humans and Persons: Questions of Life and Death (co-author with Helga Kuhse), Academia Verlag, Sankt Augustin, Germany, 1994
• The Greens (co-author with Bob Dark-brown), Text Publishing, Melbourne, 1996
• The Allotment of Health Intendance Resources: An Ethical Evaluation of the "QALY" Approach (co-writer with John McKie, Jeff Richardson and Helga Kuhse), Ashgate/Dartmouth, Aldershot, 1998
• A Companion to Bioethics (co-editor with Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, Oxford, 1998
• Bioethics. An Anthology (co-editor with Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, 1999/ Oxford, 2006
• The Moral of the Story: An Anthology of Ethics Through Literature (co-edited with Renata Singer), Blackwell, Oxford, 2005
• In Defense of Animals. The Second Wave (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford, 2005
• The Bioethics Reader: Editors' Choice. (co-editor with Ruth Chadwick, Helga Kuhse, Willem Landman and Udo Schüklenk). New York: Blackwell, 2007
• J. M. Coetzee and Ideals: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature (co-editor with A. Leist), New York: Columbia University Press, 2010
• The Gilt Ass, past Apuleius (edited and abridged by Peter Vocalist, translated by Ellen D. Finkelpearl), New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation; London: W.W. Norton and Company, Ltd., 2021

Anthologies of Singer's work [edit]

• Writings on an Ethical Life, Ecco, New York, 2000; Fourth Estate, London, 2001. ISBN 0-06-019838-9
• Unsanctifying Human Life: Essays on Ethics (edited by Helga Kuhse), Blackwell, Oxford, 2001

[edit]

• Jamieson, Dale (ed.). Singer and His Critics. Wiley-Blackwell, 1999
• Schaler, Jeffrey A. (ed.). Peter Vocalizer Under Burn down: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Chicago: Open Court Publishers, 2009
• Davidow, Ben (ed.). "Peter Singer" Uncaged: Meridian Activists Share Their Wisdom on Effective Subcontract Fauna Advocacy. Davidow Press, 2013

See also [edit]

• Animal liberation movement
• Animal liberationist
• Argument from marginal cases
• Demandingness objection
• Effective altruism
• Intrinsic value (creature ideals)
• Listing of creature rights advocates
• Utilitarian bioethics
• Utilitarianism
• Veganism

References [edit]

1. ^ "Animals and Ethics". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 27 Oct 2018.
2. ^ "Peter Singer's top 10 books". The Guardian. 5 April 2001. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
3. ^ Visontay, Michael (12 March 2005). "Australia's top 100 public intellectuals". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 October 2018.
4. ^ "The Life You Can Relieve".
5. ^ ^{a b} Thompson, Peter (28 May 2007). "Talking Heads – Peter Vocalizer". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
6. ^ Vocalist, Peter (2003). Pushing Time Abroad: My Gramps and the Tragedy of Jewish Vienna. Pymble, NSW: Fourth Estate. pp. Chapter 33–Theresienstadt. ISBN0-7322-7742-6.
7. ^ Mühlleitner, Elke (1992). Biographisches Lexikon der Psychoanalyse: Die Mitglieder der Psychologischen Mittwoch-Gesellschaft und der Wiener Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung 1902–1938 (in German language). Tübingen: Edition Diskord. pp. 239–240. ISBN978-iii-89295-557-3.
8. ^ Singer, Peter (2007). Pushing Time Abroad: My Grandfather and the Tragedy of Jewish Vienna. Fourth Manor. ISBN978-0-7322-7742-0 . Retrieved 27 October 2018.
9. ^ "Peter Vocalist". whatisitliketobeaphilosopher.com . Retrieved 3 February 2019.
10. ^ Specter, Michael (21 November 1999). "Ethics Human". The Contained . Retrieved 27 October 2018.
11. ^ Suzannah Pearce, ed. (17 November 2006). "RICHARDSON (Sue) Susan." Who's Who in Australia Live! Due north Melbourne, Vic: Crown Content Pty Ltd.
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13. ^ "Peter Vocaliser talk, "My Life in Philosophy: The Bespeak of View of the Universe and Its Implications for Ethics, Animate being Liberation and Effective Altruism". Graz, Austria: Universität Graz. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
14. ^ Singer, Peter (1973). Democracy and Defiance . Oxford: Clarendon Printing. ISBN978-0-nineteen-824504-9.
15. ^ Appel, Jacob One thousand. (July 2004). "Interview with Peter Singer: Philosopher as Educator". Instruction Update Online . Retrieved 27 October 2018.
16. ^ "The Ethics of Nutrient: The Making of a Vegetarian and Professor of Bioethics – Peter Vocalizer". YouTube. i October 2013. Archived from the original on eleven December 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2018.
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    Finding Ruth Harrison's volume Animal Machines at 23m36s.
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    Note: In this version of the story, Singer writes of the conversion process of himself and his wife happening "Over the next two months".
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23. ^ ^{a b c} Singer, Peter (1993). Applied Ethics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-43971-viii . Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
24. ^ Animal Liberation, pp. 211, 256
25. ^ Animal Liberation, pp. 211, 256
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27. ^ Jollimore, Troy (6 February 2017). "Impartiality". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford Academy. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
28. ^ "Board of Directors". Retrieved 28 October 2018.
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31. ^ Giving What We Tin can. "Members". Retrieved 25 September 2020.
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33. ^ "Karen Dawn's Biography". ThankingTheMonkey.com. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
34. ^ Waldau, Paul (2001). The Specter of Speciesism: Buddhist and Christian Views of Animals. Oxford Academy Press. pp. v, 23–29.
35. ^ "Chew the Correct Thing". motherjones.com. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
36. ^ Singer, Peter (xxx Baronial 2006). "The ethics of eating". chinadialogue.net . Retrieved 28 October 2018.
37. ^ "Fish: the forgotten victims on our plate". The Guardian. 14 September 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
38. ^ Mood, Alison (2010). Worse things happen at sea: the welfare of wild-caught fish (PDF). fishcount.org.uk. Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
39. ^ Mangan, Lucy (28 Nov 2006). "Last night's TV". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
40. ^ Vocalist, Peter (28 Oct 2011). Practical Ethics (third ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 274. ISBN978-1-139-49689-six.
41. ^ Vocalist, Peter (2015). Animal Liberation (preface in 2015 revised ed.). UK: Random Business firm. p. xxix. ISBN978-1-4735-2442-two.
42. ^ "Projection de film : Empathy (Complet)". VegEvents . Retrieved 13 May 2021.
43. ^ ^{a b} de Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna; Singer, Peter (2014). The Betoken of View of the Universe: Sidgwick and Contemporary Ideals. Oxford Academy Press.
44. ^ ^{a b} Schaler, Jeffrey A. (thirty September 2011). Peter Singer Under Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Open Courtroom. p. seven. ISBN978-0-8126-9769-8.
45. ^ ^{a b c} Schaler, Jeffrey A. (30 September 2011). Peter Singer Nether Fire: The Moral Iconoclast Faces His Critics. Open Court. pp. 58–59. ISBN978-0-8126-9769-8.
46. ^ Singer, Peter; Chocolate-brown, Bob (28 Oct 1996). The Greens. Text Publishing Company. ISBN978-1-875847-17-four.
47. ^ Singer, Peter (2000). A Darwinian Left: Politics, Development, and Cooperation. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN978-0-300-08323-i.
48. ^ Cotto, Joseph Ford (26 September 2017). "Interview: How do practical ethics work in the average American'due south life? Peter Vocaliser explains". San Francisco Review of Books. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
49. ^ Singer, Peter; Lewis, Edward (16 March 2010). "Ethics and the Left". Newleftproject.org. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
50. ^ Singer, Peter (2000). Marx: A Very Curt Introduction . Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN978-0-nineteen-285405-half dozen . Retrieved 28 October 2018.
51. ^ Singer, Peter (12 October 2011). "The Capital punishment – Once again". Project Syndicate . Retrieved 28 October 2018.
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53. ^ Goldberg, Dan (16 August 2012). "Peter Singer: is he really the nigh dangerous man in the world?". The Jewish Chronicle . Retrieved 28 October 2018.
54. ^ ^{a b} Singer, Peter (11 August 2016). "Greens for Trump?". Project Syndicate . Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
55. ^ Vocalist, Peter (half dozen Apr 2017). "Boycott America?". Project Syndicate . Retrieved 28 October 2018.
56. ^ Singer, Peter (5 June 2017). "Is the Paris Accord Unfair to America?". Project Syndicate . Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
57. ^ Constitute, Michael; Singer, Peter (4 May 2021). "Why drugs should be not but decriminalised, but fully legalised". world wide web.newstatesman.com . Retrieved 22 May 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
58. ^ Taking Life: Humans, Excerpted from Practical Ethics, second edition, 1993
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61. ^ Singer, Peter (2001). "An Interview". Writings on an Upstanding Life. pp. 319–329. ISBN978-1-84115-550-0.
62. ^ Vocaliser, Peter Rithinking Life and Death: The Collapse of our Traditional Ethics, Text Publishing, 1994.
63. ^ Singer, Peter (1993). Applied Ethics . Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–78. ISBN978-0-521-43971-8 . Retrieved 28 Oct 2018. [T]he aim of my argument is to drag the condition of animals rather than to lower the status of whatever humans
64. ^ "Steve Forbes Declines Princeton Financial Backing Due to Vocalizer Hiring". Euthanasia.com. 21 September 1999. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
65. ^ Felder, Don (28 October 1998). "Professor Death volition fit correct in at Princeton". Jewish World Review. Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
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67. ^ Dalrymple, Theodore (2010). Spoilt Rotten: The Toxic Cult of Sentimentality. Gibson Square Books Ltd. p. 226. ISBN978-1-906142-61-two.
68. ^ McBryde Johnson, Harriet (16 Feb 2003). "Unspeakable Conversations". The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
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74. ^ Tong, Rosemarie (7 March 2003). "Chapter 27: Surrogate Motherhood". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.). A Companion to Practical Ethics. p. 376. ISBN978-1-55786-594-half dozen.
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78. ^ ^{a b} Peter Singer (eight May 2008). "The God of Suffering?". Project Syndicate. Archived from the original on vii July 2015. Retrieved 28 Oct 2018.
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91. ^ ^{a b c} Jennifer Skiff, Rescuing Ladybugs: Inspirational Encounters with Animals That Changed the Earth, New Globe Library, 2018
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External links [edit]

• Official website
• Column annal at Projection Syndicate
• Appearances on C-Span
• Peter Vocalist at IMDb
• An in-depth autobiographical interview with Vocalist
• Peter Singer, biographical profile, including quotes and further resources, at Utilitarianism.internet.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Singer

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